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Флюороз и его лечение

Флюороз и его лечениеФлюороз зубов – это хроническое заболевание эмали, вызванное регулярным попаданием в организм большого количества фтора. В большинстве случаев носит эндемический характер, но бывает и профессиональным.

Эндемический флюороз проявляется на эмали светлыми пятнами или полосами, которые со временем становятся желтыми или бурыми. Наиболее часто при этом поражаются лишь верхние резцы, в редких случаях – нижние. Симптомами профессионального флюороза являются поражение костей скелета, нарушение подвижности суставов, и, как следствие, развитие остеопороза или остеосклероза. При этом пятен на зубах может не быть вовсе. На поздней стадии такого флюороза может возникнуть поражение печени и вегето-сосудистые нарушения. В некоторых случаях данное заболевание сопровождается развитием остеосаркомы. Флюороз известен медикам уже давно. Так, первое упоминание о нем датируется 1890 годом. Тогда его назывался довольно просто – «пятнистая эмаль». Однако причины возникновения заболевания известны тогда не были.

Только в 1931 году ученые установили, что флюороз напрямую связан с избыточным содержанием фтора в питьевой воде. Сейчас же доказано, что он может возникнуть и вследствие постоянного вдыхания фтора. Это касается людей, работающих в алюминиевой промышленности. Как известно, фтор – это важный микроэлемент, участвующий во многих физиологических процессах человеческого организма, наряду с кальцием, магнием и калием. Места наибольшего скопления фтора – костная ткань и зубы, поэтому при его избытке они страдают в первую очередь. Фтор поступает в организм с пищей или водой.

Однако употребление фторосодержащих продуктов не может навредить человеку. А вот фториды, растворенные в воде, усваиваются организмом почти полностью и могут вызвать флюороз. Правда, для этого нужно, чтобы в воде был переизбыток фтора – более 6 мг/л. Стоит отметить, что норма – 1мг/л. У детей флюороз чаще всего диагностируется при прорезывании коренных зубов. При этом обычно выясняется, что эти дети до 3 или 4 лет проживали в местах с высокой концентрацией фторидов в воде. Как правило, молочные зубы не подвержены флюорозу. Объясняется это тем, что их зачатки формировались во внутриутробный период и избыток фтора задерживался в плаценте.

Всего существует пять форм этого заболевания:

• пятнистая;

• штриховая;

• меловидно-крапчатая;

• эрозивная;

• деструктивная.

Пятнистая и штриховая формы относятся к легкой степени флюороза. В том и другом случае поражается лишь эмаль, на которой появляются светлые пятна или полосы с плохо выраженными границами. Меловидно-крапчатая форма – это флюороз средней тяжести. Она отличается от предыдущих четкими границами пятен и характерным матовым (в некоторых случаях желтоватым) оттенком эмали всех пораженных зубов. Может сопровождаться частичной деструкцией эмали и ее стиранием. Эрозивная и деструктивная формы – это тяжелые степени флюороза.

При эрозивной форме флюороза наблюдаются крупные участки деструкции эмали. Внутри эрозий эмаль отсутствует вовсе. Также отмечается активное стирание эмали. Деструктивная форма флюороза – признак содержания в питьевой воде региона фтора в количестве около 10 мг/л. При этом у пациентов наблюдаются массовые эрозивные поражения зубов, нарушение целостности зубных коронок и стирание зубов до дентина и глубже. Довольно часто зубы пациента поражаются разными формами флюороза, поэтому лечить их надо по-разному. Легкая форма флюороза требует скорее эстетического восстановления зубной эмали. Поэтому пациенту будет назначено лазерное или химическое отбеливание зубов. После чего обычно проводится курс их реминерализации.

А вот при меловидно-крапчатой и эрозивной форме флюороза, процедура отбеливания не назначается. В этих случаях врач будет проводить реставрационные мероприятия, используя виниры или люминиры. Тяжелая степень флюороза, влекущая за собой деструктивные изменения в зубных тканях, лечится только ортопедами. При этом показана установка керамических, либо металлокерамических коронок. В случае обнаружения флюороза, нужно срочно поменять питьевую воду, содержащую избыток фтора. Иначе можно спровоцировать разрушение пораженных зубов, даже разрушение костной ткани скелета. Также нельзя пользоваться зубными пастами, содержащими фтор. Это касается и других средств ухода за полостью рта.

Рекомендуется принимать препараты с содержанием кальция и фосфора. Профилактика флюороза заключается в:

• сдаче часто употребляемой питьевой воды на химический анализ. Если в ней будет выявлено повышенное количество фтора, то необходимо приобретать очищенную питьевую воду или воду, привезенную из других районов;

• отказе от применения зубных паст и гелей с фтором;

• ограничении употребления продуктов, содержащих фтор. Это рыба, морепродукты, орехи, сливочное масло.

Профилактике флюороза у детей заключается в рациональном питании. Оно должно включать разнообразные молочные продукты, витаминами C и D, кальций, а также поливитаминные комплексы.

 

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Комментарии

Bourne, 18.11.2013 11:55
Впервые слышу про такое заболевание, выглядит жутковато, главное обращать внимание даже на самые незначительные изменения во внешнем виде зубов, ведь лучше лечить заболевание когда оно еще находится в самой ранней стадии.
Андрей, 19.11.2013 06:41
До прочтения этой статьи - думал что жёлтые зубы мои от курения. Или оттого, что кофе много пью. Теперь сомневаюсь. Надо сходить к стоматологу.
Дмитрий, 20.11.2013 19:20
Не просто жутковато, а ужасно выглядят такие зубы. Вот только интересно, почему по всем каналам рекламируют зубные пасты со фтором? Теперь задумываюсь, а стоит ли их применять. Лучше перейти на лечебные с травами.
Милена, 21.11.2013 06:16
Вот это да, а люди бегом бегут отбеливать свои зубы и потом страдают еще больше. Нужно интересоваться качеством и составом питьевой воды, которая течет из-под крана. Это имеет большее значение, чем пасты со фтором.
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